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CJEU - P.I. v Migracijos departamentas prie Lietuvos Respublikos vidaus reikalų ministerijos, Case C-280/21, 12/01/2023
Country of applicant: Unknown
Keywords: Non-state actors/agents of persecution, Persecution (acts of), Refugee Status, Political Opinion

The Court of Justice held that defending personal interests against illegally acting non-state actors due to state corruption can be regarded as ‘political opinion’ under Directive 2011/95 if perceived as opposition by the persecuting actors.

Date of decision: 12-01-2023
Relevant International and European Legislation: Art 1A (2),Art 1F(c),Art 28,Art 34,Art 1F(b),Art 1,Art 3,Art 1A,Art 1F(a),Art 32,Art 1C (5),Art 35.1,Art 1D,Art 31,Art 4,Art 16,Art 22,Art 2,Art 13,Art 15,Art 17,Art 21,Art 24,Art 26,Art 27,Art 32.1,Art 33.1,Art 1C (6),Preamble,Art 35,Art 1C (3),Article 1,Article 7,Article 16,Article 18,Art 24.1,Art 24.2,Art 24.3,Article 35,Art 1A (1),Art 1B,Art 1B (1),Art 1B (2),Art 1C (1),Art 1C (2),Art 1C (4),Art 1E,Art 5,Art 6,Art 7,Art 8,Art 9,Art 10,Art 11,Art 12,Art 14,Art 18,Art 19,Art 20,Art 23,Art 25,Art 29,Art 30,Art 32.2,Art 32.3,Art 35.2,Art 36,Art 37,Art 1C,Art 11.1,Art 11.2,Art 14.1,Art 14.2,Art 14.3,Art 15.1,Art 15.2,Art 15.3,Art 21.1,Art 21.2,Art 34.1,Art 34.2,Art 34.3,Art 12.1,Art 12.2,Art 16.1,Art 16.2,Art 16.3,Art 17.1,Art 17.2,Art 17.3,Art 19.1,Art 19.2,Art 22.1,Art 22.2,Art 24.1,Art 24.2,Art 24.3,Art 24.4,Art 25.1,Art 25.2,Art 25.3,Art 25.4,Art 25.5,Art 28.1,Art 28.2,Art 29.1,Art 29.2,Art 30.1,Art 30.2,Art 31.1,Art 31.2,Art 33.2,Art 38,Art 39,Art 40,Art 41,Art 42,Art 43,Art 44,Art 45,Art 46,Schedule,Article 15,Recital (4),Recital (12),Recital (16),Recital (29),Article 2,Article 4,Article 6,Article 9,Article 10,Article 13,EN - Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2010/C 83/01 - Art 288,Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2010/C 83/01 - Art 10,Article 267 § 2,Article 267 § 1 (b),Article 78
CJEU (Grand Chamber) - LW v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Case C-91/20, 09/11/2021
Country of applicant: Tunisia
Keywords: Best interest of the child, Refugee Status, Child Specific Considerations, Family member

The Court of Justice held that Directive 2011/95 does not preclude a Member State from granting refugee status to a minor through one of his parents, even though there is no risk of persecution in case of removal to his country of nationality (Tunisia).

Date of decision: 09-11-2021
Relevant International and European Legislation: Art 23.2,Art 24.1,Art 24.2,Art 24.3,Art 23.1,Recital (4),Recital (12),Recital (14),Recital (16),Recital (18),Recital (19),Recital (36),Recital (38),Article 2,Article 3,Article 4,Article 12,Article 23,EN - Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2010/C 83/01 - Art 288,Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2010/C 83/01 - Art 10,Article 267 § 2,Article 267 § 1 (b),Article 78
CJEU – C-507/19, Bundesrepublik Deutschland v. XT, 13 January 2021
Country of applicant: Syria
Keywords: Exclusion from protection, Stateless person, Cessation of protection

When analysing if protection from UNRWA has ceased (Article 12(1)(a) Directive 2011/95), account must be taken of the possibility for the individual to concretely access effective protection in any of the other fields within UNRWA area of operations.

Assistance from the Agency must be considered as maintained when an individual has left UNRWA area of operations from a field where he couldn’t obtain effective protection, if the person had previously voluntarily left a field where he could access UNRWA’s assistance, even though he could reasonably foresee, according to the information available for him at the moment of departure, that he wouldn’t be able to receive effective protection from the Agency in the field he was travelling to, or return to the field of origin in the short term.

Date of decision: 13-01-2021
Relevant International and European Legislation: Art 1D,Recital (18),Article 2,Article 46,Recital (1),Recital (4),Recital (16),Recital (23),Recital (24),Article 2,Article 11,Article 12,Article 14,Article 78
CJEU - C-369/17, Shajin Ahmed v Bevándorlási és Menekültügyi Hivatal
Country of applicant: Afghanistan
Keywords: Exclusion from protection, Subsequent application

CJEU rules that Hungarian national law which defines ‘serious crime’ (in the context of exclusion from subsidiary protection) as a crime with a possible custodial of 5 years sentence as incompatible with the Qualification Directive. Instead, each crime must be looked at on an individual basis to ascertain its “seriousness”.  

Date of decision: 13-09-2018
Relevant International and European Legislation: 1951 Refugee Convention,Art 1F,European Union Law,International Law,EN - Recast Qualification Directive, Directive 2011/95/EU of 13 December 2011,Recital (3),Recital (4),Recital (8),Recital (9),Recital (12),Recital (23),Recital (24),Recital (33),Recital (39),Article 2,Article 14,Article 17,Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2010/C 83/01,Article 78
CJEU - Joined Cases C‑443/14 and C‑444/14, Kreis Warendorf v Ibrahim Alo and Amira Osso v Region Hannover
Country of applicant: Syria
Keywords: Freedom of movement (right to), Subsidiary Protection, Refugee Status, Integration measures

Article 33 of the Qualification Directive, read in conjunction with the Geneva Convention, requires Member States to allow persons to whom they have granted subsidiary protection status not only to move freely within their territory but also to choose their place of residence within that territory.  However, the Directive does not prevent beneficiaries of subsidiary protection status from being subject to a residence condition for the purpose of promoting their integration where said group of persons are not in a comparable situation as non-EU citizens. 

Date of decision: 01-03-2016
Relevant International and European Legislation: EN - Qualification Directive, Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004,1951 Refugee Convention,Art 32,Art 26,European Union Law,International Law,Art 23,EN - Recast Qualification Directive, Directive 2011/95/EU of 13 December 2011,Recital (3),Recital (4),Recital (6),Recital (8),Recital (9),Recital (16),Recital (23),Recital (24),Recital (33),Recital (39),Article 20,Article 29,Article 32,Article 33